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The country surveys identified a range of common and popular approaches associated with particular challenges and tasks (listed in the table below). We have grouped these into six categories:
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Providing information
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Planning and Organisation
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Deliberation and engagement
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Management
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Voluntary and indigenous approaches
- Other approaches
Approaches/tools for environmental mainstreaming
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A) PROVIDING INFORMATION
Impact assessment & strategic analysis
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Integrated environmental assessment (IEA)
Integrated impact assessment (IIA)
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Poverty & social impact assessment (PSIA)
Regulatory impact assessment (environmental, fiscal)
Social impact assessment (SIA)
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
Sustainability appraisal
Economic and financial assessment
Public environmental expenditure review (PEER)
Budgeting
Cost benefit analysis (CBA)
Eco-budget
Economic analysis (general)
Green/Natural resource accounting
Valuation (resource, NR, economic, goods & services)
Social surveys and assessments
Household surveys
Participatory poverty assessment
Spatial data analysis
Well-being health happiness measurement
Spatial assessment
Geographic information system (GIS)
Geological survey
Resource maps
Zoning plans
Monitoring and evaluation
Community-based monitoring
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
Environmental quality monitoring
Environmental audits
Indicators
Monitoring (general)
Multi-sectoral monitoring
State of environment report (SOE)
Other
Cleaner production in-plant assessment
Pre-feasibility studies
Thematic studies (eg noise pollution, emissions) |
(B) PLANNING & ORGANISATION
Plans & policies
Business plans for protected areas
(National) sustainable development strategies
Conservation plans
Environmental (action) plans
Fiscal policy (taxes, incentives, etc)
Integrated development plans
Internal environmental policy
National & District Environmental Action Plans (NEAP / DEAP)
Physical & land use planning
Strategic planning (general)
Spatial development framework
Legal
Legal tools (general)
Public interest litigation
Regulatory frameworks/guidelines
Policy tools
Policy analysis
Policy guidelines
Organisation-specific
Corporate policy & sustainability reporting
In-house project & programme appraisals
Planning schedule
Work plans
Visioning
Collective/community visioning
Scenarios
The Natural Step Framework
Other
Certification
Charters & codes of practice
Cleaner production
Eco-management & audit system (EMAS)
Environmental management system (EMS)
Gantt tables
Internal meetings
ISO standards
Life cycle analysis
Multiple decision criteria analysis
Performance standards, loan/grant conditions
Standards & licensing
Sustainable livelihoods |
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(C) DELIBERATION & ENGAGEMENT
Participation & citizens’ action
Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM)
Community meetings
Community mobilisation
Conferences
Eco clubs
Environmental tribunal
Internal meetings
Lobbying
Meetings with external actors
Multi-stakeholder consultation/processes
National councils for SD
Participatory mapping
Participatory planning
Participatory rural appraisal
Partnerships (eg citizen-city administration)
Private-public committees
Public consultation
Public hearing
Public participation (general)
Reward systems/motivation/funds augmentation
Stakeholder mapping
Workshops & seminars
Creating demand & awareness
Awareness workshops
Media (campaigns)
Negotiations
Practical examples
Public online databases
Right to Information Act |
D) MANAGEMENT
Management planning & control
Alternative dispute resolution
Conflict management/resolution
Energy audits
Environmental compliance audits
Environmental management plans (EMP) & frameworks
Integrated environmental management
Occupational health & safety audits
Performance indicators & benchmarks
Risk assessment
Market-based tools
Business supply chains
Eco-labelling
Green procurement
Payments for environmental services
Institutional governance (general)
Environmental standards & regulations |
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(E) VOLUNTARTY & INDIGENOUS APPROACHES
Analysis of international regulations
Converting Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) to sustainable & equitable empowerment (SEE)
Bhagidari scheme (India)
Informal communication
Quality management systems
Review of national jurisdiction
Taboos |
(F) OTHER APPROACHES
Capacity-building (general)
Capacity-building workshops/seminars
Collaborative forest management
Environmental levy
Integrated soil & nutrient management tools
On-farm resource flows |
This table is not comprehensive, nor would all the approaches listed be appropriate in all circumstances. But they indicate the breadth of means available to support environmental mainstreaming.
We aim to include here profiles of as many as possible of these and other useful tools and approaches for environmental mainstreaming. The profiles will be relatively short (a few pages only) and to a relatively common format. They will not aim to provide a comprehensive or in-depth explanation and analysis of the application of each approach. Rather each will provide an overview outlining the purpose, key background facts, main steps, expected outputs, basic requirements (data, costs, skills and capacity), pros and cons, example case(s) of application, and key sources of further information. We also hope to add views and perspectives from users of these tools.
Some of these profiles will be developed by the staff of IIED and its partners (where we have the expertise). Others will be invited from leading experts (institutions and individuals).
We would also be grateful to receive offers to develop profiles for tools listed in the table or other important approaches for environmental mainstreaming. If you can help please contact UserGuide@iied.org.
The following profiles are now available (click to download pdf file)
Information
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
Indicators
Participatory geographical information systems (PGIS)
Public Environmental Expenditure Review (PEER)
Planning
Environmental management systems (EMS)
National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS)
Scenario planning
The Natural Step Framework – an approach to vision-building
Deliberation
Citizen’s juries
Councils/Commissions for Sustainable Development (CSD)
Public interest litigation (PIL)
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